Holistic View Of The Bilingual Person English Language Essay

Comprehensive View Of The Bilingual Person English Language Essay The term bilingual in the psycholinguistic writing doesn't just apply to individuals who communicate in two dialects similarly well since they were presented continually to two unique dialects perhaps because of their folks two distinctive local dialects. Anyway Bilingualism alludes to the normal utilization of (at least two) dialects, and bilinguals are those individuals who need and utilize (at least two) dialects in their regular day to day existences. (Grosjean, 1992, pp. 51). This speaks to a comprehensive perspective on the bilingual individual as a skillful and complete communicator, then again however a bilingual individual is without a doubt not the consequence of the total of two monolinguals. As right on time as 1968, Macnamara, Krauthammer and Bolgar composed: Within specific cutoff points à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦, all bilinguals figure out how to keep their dialects particular and can change from one to the next. It follows that somewhat bilinguals experience their dialects as mentally unmistakable frameworks, and that they have some gadget to control which one is utilized at a specific time. Be that as it may, familiar bilinguals are equipped for exchanging between their two dialects, when for instance a third individual who can talk just one of the two dialects is pulled in a discussion or when the subject of the conversation unequivocally requests the utilization of the two dialects simultaneously. To explain this point, consider this circumstance portrayed by Judith Kroll You are sitting at a cafã © or at the air terminal when you catch a discussion in English that out of nowhere changes to another dialect and afterward back to English. In the event that you are a monolingual speaker of English, you may see the blend of dialects without understanding that you have tuned in to a noteworthy psychological achievement by the speaker. This uncommon accomplishment is rather a fairly normal element of bilinguals language use in which expressions of two dialects combine in a reasonable and significant discussion .. In this sense, a bilingual changes the phonetic structure, without alterating the considerable significance byusing a word which may address the feeling of a talk in a superior or more grounded way like picking between equivalents with a similar language (Sridhar, 1980). However when similar bilinguals address a monolingual they once in a while use or change to an elective language so as to keep the monolingual speaker from not understanding. These various conditions and an assortment of other circumstance where this ability emerges prompts question of how the data to be prepared or communicated is bound to the enactment or explanation of a relating word or expression in the suitable language. On one hand, for an individual over and again adapting to language switches inside the discussion, these evidently bizarre words come out of the blue and may maybe be more hard to process than their inside language partners. Then again for a bilingual who needs to pick in which language to talk, the way toward finding the correct word in the correct setting, which French and Jacquet (2004) allude to as lexical access may result amazingly complex , as notwithstanding the initiation of words in a single language other than the objective, other parole (words) in the other language may be dynamic too.,. Along these lines, the concurrent initiation of the two lexico-semantic represenations of a bilingual may address various answers resembled with the particular preparing methodology, word acknowledgment or creation, driven by the unique situation. In word acknowledgment, language participation is inactively passed on to an individual by the orthographical or phonological attributes of the word (). Nonetheless, in word creation, the speaker effectively and deliberately chooses which language to utilize. In this manner, the speaker can apply some control on lexical structures and pick the objective which best fits the informative setting among a lot of enacted portrayals. We don't guarantee that the instruments and neural elements enlisted for lexical access are fundamentally extraordinary in acknowledgment and creation, yet rather that the procedures associated with each might be at any rate in part unique. The point of this venture will be first to follow the impacts of a language switch on models of both language creation and language cognizance and second to distinguish the neural corresponds of language exchanging and the effect a switch may have on the intellectual procedures which rule lexical access so as to deliver or perceive a word. Bilingualism and language cognizance Language perception has been examined in bilingual populaces predominantly through errands in which bilinguals are considerably approached to react to composed words in either of their dialects. In such visual word distinguishing proof errands, the language switch is driven by the up and coming boosts in input, while the yield is executed by button press driven by a parallel choice. Countless investigations have tended to bilinguals execution in perception undertakings through both inside language and cross-language errands, for example, lexical choice (e.g., Dijkstra, Van Jaarsveld Ten Brinke, 1998; Dijkstra, Grainger, Van Heuven, 1999; von Studnitz Green, 2002), language choice, and categorisation assignments (e.g., Dufour Kroll, 1995; Grainger Frenck-Mestre, 1998). Starting investigations uncovered, for instance, that when bilinguals were approached to peruse language-blended sections, their exhibition endured contrasted with perusing single-language entries (Macnamara Kushnir, 1971). In lexical choice, reactions to words where a switch in language happens were more slow than those to a preliminary settled in an arrangement of words from same language s (Thomas Allport, 1995; Von Studnitz Green, 1997). Capacity to perceive words in a single language is by all accounts impacted by the language memebership of the word quickly going before (the essential language preparing impact) (Grainger Beauvillain, 1988; Grainger ORegan, 1992) even in arrangements of inconsequential words. Familiar bilinguals appear to serenely oversee whichever language they are mentioned to utilize, anyway in the entirety of the settings referenced simply over a language switch during understanding damages their presentation. This proof recommends that in any event, when bi linguals read (e.g., Dijkstra, 2005) or hear (e.g., Marian Spivey, 2003) one language alone, the two dialects are as yet dynamic. In this manner, a significant point here is to set up if and to what degree the other language is still there when bilinguals utilize one language alone. One method of testing this hypotheisis is to confine uncertain highlights of the bilinguals two dialects , significance to utilize words that halfway cover or are completely partaken in the two dialects. At the point when two dialects share a similar letter set, we may discover words considered cognates that appear to be identical and mean a similar thing also. For instance, In French and Italian, the words hotshot and balle are nearly spelled indistinguishably and have a similar significance and. In the event that bilinguals are extremely fit for closing down one language and dress as monolinguals, at that point execution on these exceptional words (cognates) ought not vary from that on particular and u nambiguous words. On the off chance that the other language results not to be in reserve however consistently on, at that point bilinguals ought to perform uniquely in contrast to monolinguals which in a lexical choice assignment should coordinate the objective with just a single conceivable applicant rather than two A related advantage on execution has been exhibited over an assortment of undertakings (De Groot and Poot, 1997; Van Hell De Groot, 1998a; Van Hell and Dijkstra, 2002;), giving generous proof that cognates are spoken to or handled uniquely in contrast to non-related interpretation comparable words in the subsequent language. Cognates and non-cognates additionally show diverse preparing impacts: in perhaps the most punctual investigation of the impacts of cognates, De Groot and Nas (1991) discovered cross-language redundancy preparing for the two cognates and non-cognates, yet cooperative preparing just for cognates. Given such proof they arrived at three resolutions: (1 ) the portrayals of both related and non-related interpretations at the lexical degree of portrayal are associated; (2) related interpretations share a portrayal at the theoretical level while (3) non-related interpretation reciprocals are spoken to in independent idea hubs. De Groot and associates model of related portrayal has kept on growing, however it remains immovably dependent on the rule that cognates portrayals in the two dialects are shared, or covering, more than those of non-cognates. As far as dispersed portrayals, Van Hell and De Groot (1998) depict the thought of cover as the examples of enactment for a related word and its interpretation being like each other, while the examples of initiation for a non-related word and its interpretation may share next to no for all intents and purpose. The more highlights are shared between words, the littler the lexical separation between their relating examples of enactment. Moreover, the related impact was seen not as confined distinctly to conditions where boosts are introduced in composed structure. Costa, Caramazza, and Sebastiã ¡n-Gallã ©s (2000), for instance, found that bilinguals named pictures with related names more rapidly than pictures with non-related names, while monolinguals demonstrated no distinction on a similar arrangement of pictures. This affirms the related advantage isn't exclusively because of orthographic cover in the introduced improvements. Numerous investigations have exploited these extraordinary properties of related words so as to decide how this etymological equivocalness impacts on bilinguals capacity to comprehend these words in just one of their two dialects. Proof originating from every one of these investigations emphatically bolsters that the language not being used might be in a kind of dozing mode and at any rate applies an impact on the bilinguals lexico-semantic framework in any event, when an errand tunes it to the next language. At the point when cross-language structure and importance meet, bilingual perfor

Macon free essay sample

Bach Chorale During the ornate period, music had certain attributes that are explicit to the timeframe. For instance, Contrast is a significant trademark in an extravagant show. The contrasts among uproarious and delicate, solo and group, deferent instruments and timbres all assume a significant job In numerous ornate sytheses. In past melodic times, a bit of music would in general comprise of a solitary song, maybe with a few tunes played simultaneously.Not until the extravagant period did the incept of tune and congruity really start to be utilized in music. The act of basso continuo likewise came into the focal point of music during the elaborate. The harpsichord was an exceptionally unmistakable instrument in the music during the rococo, and was included In huge numbers of the pieces. Drama was another creation during the ornate, and numerous authors started to compose show pieces. A show Is a dramatization that Is principally sung, joined by instruments, and introduced in front of an audience. We will compose a custom paper test on Macon or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Dramas normally switch back and forth between recitative, discourse like tune that propels the plot, and arias, melodies in which characters express sentiments at specific focuses in the activity. Ensembles and moves are likewise every now and again included. A large number of the shows depend on Greek folklore, and many are strict. A considerable lot of the most well known ornate organizations were acted In holy places for a help, or as a feature of a private show or festivity In the home of a rich supporter. Over the span of the elaborate, nonetheless, open exhibitions turned out to be progressively normal, especially in the class of show and oratorio.John Sebastian Bach was one of the baroques most popular authors. He was conceived in Sciences, Germany, into a group of working performers. In 1695, when he was only nine years of age, his folks kicked the bucket and he was sent to live with his sibling, Johann Christopher, an organist. While the lived with his sibling he figured out how to play the console and considered structure all alone. Bachs style Is elaborate, portrayed by a ton of notes, straightforward mitotic rhythms, and consistent movements of basic agreement, he music was depicted by certain individuals as sewing-machine music. Be that as it may, he investigated concordance substantially more profoundly than different writers of the time: contrasted with state Handel or Vivaldi, Bachs music can contain remarkably Jazzy harmonies and will hop off to various symphonious zones. Bachs tune Jesus shot skirmish Freud Is an ideal case of the music of the rococo period. It includes the basso continuo much like a considerable lot of different bits of the florid. It has an extremely light feel to it, which was famous of the music during the florid. Additionally, an ensemble, much like a congregation ensemble, sings it.

Create Your Masterpiece A 16-Step Guide

Create Your Masterpiece A 16-Step Guide Do you wish you could create something meaningful? Do you wish you had the time to work on that thing youve always wanted to produceâ€"that novel, that piece of art, that passion project? No need to keep wishing your life away. Based on my experienceâ€"i.e., years of procrastination, followed by a couple years of rigorous work, resulting in two personal masterpiecesâ€"Ive written a 16-step guide to get you started on your own masterpiece. If I could fire up the Delorean and rewind the last decade, this is everything I would tell my 21-year-old self about creating meaningful work. It would have been harsh, but I needed it, and it would have saved me a ton of heartache. Feel free to listen in. Step 1. Look yourself in the mirror. Its time for you to be honest with yourself, young Josh. Either youre accomplishing what you want to accomplish or youre not. There is no in-between. If its the latter, then you must admit to yourself that you are the only person preventing you from pursuing your passion project. Denial is a heartless bitch; so the first step is looking in the mirror and admitting that you havent even scratched the surface on creating something meaningful. Step 2. Kill your distractions. Make a list of everything getting in your way. Surfing the net too much? Get rid of the Internet at home. Are certain people draining all your time? Get rid of your shitty relationships. Are material possessions getting in the way? Get rid of your crap. Step 3. Make time every day. None of us were born equal. We come from different backgrounds, different cultures, different socioeconomic situations. Suffice it to say, we were not all born on a level playing field. Time is the one exception. The only thing we all have in common is time. We all have the same 24 hours in a day. So, get up at 3:30 a.m. if you have to. Find 30 minutes before you leave for work. Work through your lunch break. Find an hour after work. If you want it bad enough, youll find the time. You have the same amount of time as everyone else who has ever created a masterpiece. Step 4. Stop making excuses. I should do this. I should do that. I should, I should, I should. Too often, we should all over ourselves. You must instead make change a must. I must create a masterpiece! I must make time every day! I must kill my distractions! Those musts sound far more empowering than your shoulds, dont they? Step 5. Stop worrying. Most people are going to praise you for what you doâ€"theyll be proud of your masterpiece once its finishedâ€"but instead we tend to worry about the naysayers. Guess what: people are going to judge you. Some people are going to think what youre doing is stupid. Others will think youve lost your mind. But what other people think doesnt matter. They will be dead soon. And so will you and I. So we better get to work. Step 6. Grow a pair of balls. Step 7. Take incremental action. Nearly all masterpieces share two commonalities: time and action. Said another way, you have to do the work every day. You wont create your masterpiece overnight, so dont try. Its far more important to work on it each day. In the course of time, your daily actions will add up immensely. Eventually, youll look in lifes rearview mirror and everything will be different. Step 8. Change your physiology. Your brain and your body arent standing in opposite corners of the room. If you want to stimulate your mind, you must stimulate your body. So do something physical. Anything: Walk. Run. Hit the gym. Try yoga. Breathe. Exercise for 18 minutes a day. Trek 500 miles. Just do something to get your body moving. Motion creates emotion. Step 9. Focus. Focus on your masterpiece. Whatever you focus on, youll create. Think your project is crappy? Then it will be crappy. Think youll get it done no matter the odds? Then youll finish it even if you get hit by a bus. Step 10. Change your beliefs. One of the biggest reasons we dont accomplish what we set out to accomplish is our limiting beliefs. For years youve told yourself that youll never be this, youll never do that, youll never be good enough. But youre no different from  the people who have constructed their masterpieces. The people who create something specialâ€"something lastingâ€"arent necessarily smarter or funnier or better or more toothsome than you. They simply believed they could do it, and through this belief they didnt let anything stand in their way. Step 11. Become obsessed. Half of passion is love; the other half, obsession. Your masterpiece will feed off your obsession, growing mightily the more obsessed you become. Eventually, youll wake up thinking about it. Youll go to bed thinking about it. Youll think about it in the bathroom stall. This is good. Let your masterpiece become your obsession. Let it take over. Step 12. Cut the fat. Brevity is the soul of wit. Or perhaps, more accurately, brevity is wit. Julien Smiths book, The Flinch, is intentionally brief. The entire thing can be tweeted, page by page, line by line. Every line was carefully considered. Same goes for Everything That Remainsâ€"years of work, boiled down to a couple hundred pages. Sure, a masterpiece can be longer and more oblique and digressiveâ€"but does it need to be? Realize that you too can build something massive and then chisel it down to its essence. Do this and people will find value in your work. Step 13. Get the old guard out of the way. Are gatekeepers getting in your way? Cant talk to the person you want to pitch? Cant find an agent or a publisher willing to give you the time of day? Cant get on CNN or MTV? So what! Do it yourself. For the first time in history, you dont need the old guard. We live in an era where the Indians can circumvent the chiefs, taking their masterpieces straight to the tribe. Step 14. Make it inexpensive. Money was never the goal of your masterpiece, was it? No. You wanted people to hear your album or read your book or view your artâ€"to see, hear, feel, smell, and taste your masterpiece. So remove your boundaries and make it cheap (or give it away). Let it go. Its no longer yours anywayâ€"it belongs to the world. Step 15. Breathe. Pause and bask in the glory of your masterpiece. Go ahead: take it all in. Enjoy the moment. You deserve it. Step 16. Do it again. Return to step one. Get started on your next masterpiece. This lifetime can contain as many masterpieces as you allow. Lather, rinse, repeat. This essay was inspired by the homework assignment I wrote with my friend, New York Times bestselling author Julien Smith.

Impact Of Human Decisions On The Social Responsibility

This quote by J.W. Goethe focuses on the impact that human decisions have on their surrounding environments. Goethe’s view is that everyone, no matter their status in society, has the ability to make choices that determine their actions which inevitably affect other people either positively or negatively. This can be projected onto the social corporate responsibility context through the various decisions made by business personnel based on their ethical values which directly or indirectly affect their employees and other people in the society as well. People’s decisions are often based on their moral perceptions of things. These perceptions are often sculptured by their diverse cultural backgrounds thereby bringing varying moral perceptions of global issues. In corporate social responsibility, the social concept of morality can be traced to the traditional ethical theories attributed to ethical decision making especially among business personnel. These theories can be classified as either non-consequentialist or consequentialist theories. Consequentialist theories often base moral judgements on the results of engaging in a particular action and are often based on intended outcomes, the aims or the goals of the undertaken action. Non-consequentialist theories on the other hand base their moral judgements on the underlying principles of the decision maker’s motivation (Crane 2010). Consequentialist theories such as Egoism and utilitarianism often play a big role in the choicesShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Code Of E thics927 Words   |  4 PagesIn a professional setting, both business and social agencies work within the ethical code that reflect their professional view and role in a society. Most decision making is human services are made based on their own specific ethics (Brody Nair, 2014). 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A Startling Fact about Research Paper Proposal Uncovered

A Startling Fact about Research Paper Proposal Uncovered Here's What I Know About Research Paper Proposal You will not need to work on it until you complete the paper, and you probably won't need to include it at all if the last work is small, and there's barely anything you're able to summarize. Then you'll be able to pick a sample that will provide you with an accurate picture of which elements have to be in your research paper, together with any stylistic ideas. There's also a plethora of various research paper topics to be found on the net. The same as in books advertised online, only certain parts of the paper is going to be exposed. Research Paper Proposal: the Ultimate Convenience! Bear in mind that no matter in which you discover your sample paper whether online or within a library you will have to make significant modifications to it. Show confidence your proposal can ensure it is further and your research isn't just so that you can find a passing grade. There is a lways next year, and maybe it will be successful the next time. The Upside to Research Paper Proposal Funding Proposal Forms can be difficult and slightly complicated. Research proposals are an important task that results in the approval and displeasure of a research that you intend to do. Writing a proposal might be a tedious and complicated undertaking, especially if asking for a grant. A top quality proposal, on the opposite hand, not only promises success for the undertaking, but in addition impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential for a researcher. The most important title of the proposal provides the aim of the project. Want to Know More About Research Paper Proposal? Writing quality essays is the principal purpose of our services. It is a gift that comes naturally. You won't prevent Research Proposal writing if you're excited to acquire your graduate degree. Writing a research proposal engages numerous skills. The Hidden Facts About Research Paper Proposal Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at affordable price. In general provisions, research proposals try to demonstrate that the authors are aware of what they are doing. If you use any of the next formats, the professor is going to be satisfied. The Advantages of Research Paper Proposal The type of essay y ou're looking for will be offered to you within the deadline provided to you. The first goal of every introduction is going to be to herald to the readers that something serious which needs to be taken care of properly in the body of the expression paper. What makes writing research proposals tough is that they require that you propose an original and intriguing idea. The research proposal is you method for demonstrating that you own a notion that's of worth and can contribute essential info to the specific area of your pick. If you are going to be conducting your own research, including through a survey or a scientific experiment, you should outline the precise process that you want to use. Be certain that you identify what you'll be working on so that you've got an objective. Be sure that the link between the research objectives and the research technique is evident. The thought that the presenter would like to promote concerning the research undertaking, must get to the audience effectively. Even now, in the fields of company and science, it's still true that you have to earn project proposals. There are lots of examples of research project proposals online that could be studied. University websites You will locate many templates on university sites. Research Paper Proposal Explained It is very important to convince your reader of the prospective effect of your proposed research. You should produce a notion and offer some evidence. Typically, a research proposal should contain all the critical elements involved with the research procedure and include sufficient information for those readers to rate the proposed study. Even more, it gives the evidence you have not made your selection of topic randomly but you're genuinely interested in the topic and consulted various distinct sources and studied about the principal issues or questions in the area of research. The case study proposal template is very helpful in businesses because case studies play a significant part in growing businesses. Proposals aren't simple to write since they require that you read a good deal and analyze everything in a really critical method. The proposal would require a specific to merely collect some truths and concrete info to support a primary thesis or insurance claim they want to make. A number of the proposals are 3-5 pages long and give no more than the overall idea about what you're suggesting to do, while the others can be over 30 pages long and, subsequently, provide a lot more info about your plans.

In this assignment, we would present our findings on whether Singaporeans are receptive to Telecommuting Free Essays

In this assignment, we would present our findings on whether Singaporeans are receptive to Telecommuting. Telecommuting is the substitution of telecommunication for transportation, permitting work to be performed at a remote site anywhere except from the office. We conclude that Singaporeans are not very receptive to Telecommuting although Singapore is quite a technologically advanced country in Information Technology. We will write a custom essay sample on In this assignment, we would present our findings on whether Singaporeans are receptive to Telecommuting or any similar topic only for you Order Now A total of 20 respondents ( males and females) were asked to complete a survey form. Their age group was around 21-30 years of age. They were mainly made up of NUS students and system analysts. Among the 20 interviewees, 55% indicated that their current jobs do not require them to telecommute. Half of the 20 respondents spend on the average, 0-10 work-related hours in front of the computer every week. In addition, 90% of them feel that Telecommuting could not replace most of the jobs in Singapore. Below are the four highly topped responses that the interviewees made regarding their feelings towards Telecommuting in general. In the survey, 90% of those participating recognize that there is a loss in human touch while 85% of the interviewees feel that there is a loss in team cohesion. Telecommuting may cause a relative loss of synergy, because of reduced face-to-face contact, although electronic mail and on-line documentation can counterbalance this. Thus, Telecommuting results in less social interaction and reduced contact with the physical part of the organization (the office). This leads to isolation, loneliness and a reduced sense of identification with the organization and its members. The survey reported that 80% of the interviewees recognize that there is no need to commute with telecommuting. Telecommunication technology lets telecommuters transform almost any space into a workplace. Instead of going to work, telecommuters let work come to them. Time is saved too when the telecommuter does not have to travel to work. He beats the hassle of traveling to work and getting stuck in traffic jams. The time saved can be used to generating more output for his work. Moreover, 70% of those participating in the survey feel that they are able to spend more time with family and friends with Telecommuting. Telecommuting can help balance work and family demands. In this sense, Telecommuting can play a part in helping to bond the family together. When the parent does not have to leave home to go to work, he/she is able to spend more time at home with his family. The parent is able to show more concern for his children and spouse, as he/she knows what is going on in their lives. This will greatly improve the family cohesiveness. We found out that 65% of the interviewees think they are not able to work from home. This could be because Telecommuting requires unwavering self-discipline as telecommuters can make a choice between eight hours of work time or eight hours of web-surfing. The latter is of course more tempting. The reasons why Singaporeans are not receptive to Telecommuting might be due to three reasons. Singaporeans have a collectivistic culture and value team cohesion as well as membership. They are socialized to be emotionally dependent on organizations and institutions. As a result, Singaporeans are not used to the idea of Telecommuting. Firstly, the close proximity between family members due to Singapore’s small physical size makes Telecommuting unfeasible. Secondly, the accessibility of Singapore due to its efficient transport network ensures that employees can commute between home and office quickly. How to cite In this assignment, we would present our findings on whether Singaporeans are receptive to Telecommuting, Papers

The importance of the Renaissance in Italy Essay Example For Students

The importance of the Renaissance in Italy Essay Renaissance in Italy. Answer: The Renaissance, literally the rebirth, was Just that to Italy. As the Middle Ages came to a close, so too did the overshadowing gloom finally subsidize in Italyand eventually Europe. The new view on human existence spread like wild fire and spawned a rekindled secular approach that embraced the Individualist movement (the successful demonstration of human powers), the artistic (and architectural) Realism approach, and as the divine right of the church and its clergy became more scrutinized, it helped spawned the literary Inquisition of the Humanists. Additionally, the pursuit of literature and arts led to more application and study of the natural sciences and revalidated the importance of the University. However, the Renaissance, despite the foundation of humanities and ripple of challenge of religion, did not necessarily mean that Italy would rise like the phoenix from Romeos ashes. We will write a custom essay on The importance of the Renaissance in Italy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In fact, militarily and religiously, quite the opposite happened. The very threadbare on which the pre-Renaissance Europe was based, that is the Roman church, was grossly neglected and as the church lost power and influence, the door was slowly creaked open for the Wars of Religion that were Just around the corner. In the city-states, another concept that was rekindled and strengthened by the Renaissance, the political involvement and evolution was completely stinted, and as the political realm lost power, so too did the city-state militaries. Regardless of the impact of the Renaissance on Europe and Italy, regardless of how great society came at the spawning of a human power movement, the fact that its stranglehold allowed the Italian military to simply disintegrate while European and Mediterranean hostilities were still rampant must be considered the most important Italy-internal consequence of the movement. From the failure of the city-states to maintain an army, and the holier-than-thou approach that the Individualist attitude held (the common man was much too engrossed in his pursuit of greatness to serve in the military), the mercenary became the only choice. As Italy realized, and too late, the necessity of maintaining an army against their enemiesspecifically, the Spanish and Frenchthey scrambled to hire conditioner (private for-hire armies) to protect their interest. However, these mercenary armies owed loyalty to no specific city-state, and as the city-states began internal conflicts and armies fought whenever and for whomever they pleased, the Spain and France looked to reap the benefits of a divided Italy with nothing but unfaithful mercenary armies to protect itself.